Probiotics can also help settle the belly, especially if youre taking antibiotics. Chocolate can be lethal for cats. Studies show that cats with kidney disease who start receiving therapy early tend to do better, have a better quality of life and live longer. Read about 5 of the worst toxic food offenders that can kill your cat - and how much it takes to hurt them. If you are pregnant, nursing, taking medication, or have a medical condition, consult your health care professional before using products based on this content. While tuna is fine for cats in moderation or as a treat, too much canned tuna can be bad for your cat. (Ask) . A few things that do not appear in the veterinary textbooks or on the food label, that we have learned over years of managing cats with CKD: ~ Ideally the pet would be fed only canned food because of the benefit of higher moisture content. Amyloidosis, seen primarily in Persians and Abyssians, is an inherited condition that causes abnormal protein deposits that lead to kidney damage. Specific management is geared toward the underlying cause (if known) as well as the stage of the disease. Polycystic kidney disease is another inherited condition seen in Persians. Increasing water intake will also help your cat to stay hydrated. Fortunately, veterinarians and researchers are hard at work to discover new ways to catch feline kidney disease earlier so they can better treat and manage the condition. The Feline Quality of Life Scale Helps You Determine If Its Time to Say Goodbye to Your Cat, 9 Things You Should Know About Feline Chronic Kidney Disease. Anything else is too salty and fatty, which is very bad for their health. Here are some tips for identifying the subtle signs of pain in cats and talking with your veterinarian about making sure your cat is pain-free. Look for wet food that contains tuna juice, clam juice, chicken broth, and beef broth. Ask your vet about Royal Canin Veterinary Diet Feline Cat Treats and Vetri-Science Renal Essentials Feline Bite-Sized Cat Chews. Delectable chunks with tender chicken smothered in a rich gravy. But it's best to keep it small and infrequent. ~ Ideally the pet would eat only one kidney diet, but it is unusual for a cat to be willing to do so. Theres no harm in giving your cat tuna fish in spring water occasionally, but scientifically formulated tuna-based cat food is recommended. But the possible causes are legion. It is fine to feed an assortment of kidney diets, including foods from not just one, but two or all three of the companies. It also provides some moisture to a . Consuming this food could lead to dehydration and urinary problems, especially in senior cats. wikiHow is where trusted research and expert knowledge come together. By signing up you are agreeing to receive emails according to our privacy policy. About our Ads. ~ When there is a normal cat or cats in the house with the cat with CKD it is fine to feed all the cats the kidney diet; it is high-quality maintenance food for normal cats. An occasional bite of dog food won't hurt your cat. But cats are carnivores, and protein is what makes their diet palatable. Just make sure that these are low in sodium. Some kitties can be coaxed to eat. ", Pets.ca: "Cat Treats table scraps Can I Give My Cat Treats. Heres how to handle a cat thats addicted to tuna: Introduce cat foods with other flavors. Last Updated: April 18, 2019 The old belief was to restrict protein in cats with kidney disease, but now veterinarians know better. Clinical signs are often related to the severity of the kidney disease and underlying cause. That's true even for the onion powder that's found in some baby foods. In addition, when the yeast ferments the dough to make it rise, it produces alcohol that can lead to alcohol poisoning. Some cats may show muscle-wasting and signs attributed to high blood pressure, such as vision loss and weakness. With that said, cats can eat tuna but only in moderation. The water should be changed daily, especially if you add flavor to it. SDMA can catch changes when only 25 percent of kidney function is lost, giving cats a better chance to respond to treatment. Have You Watched Our Healthy Kidney Videos Yet? Your mom can always boil a chicken for broth and share a treat of meat with you (if your vet says okie dokey). If your cat has a chronic health condition, such as kidney disease, you should not feed it canned tuna. Dietary omega-3 fatty acids help reduce the production of inflammatory compounds that create oxidative stress to the tissue of the diseased kidneys, thus contributing to slowed progression of CKD. Featured Image: iStock.com/Phynart Studio Help us make PetMD better Was this article helpful? There is some debate over whether or not giving your cat canned tuna is a good idea. Your mom needs to understand that a cat (especially a sick cat) cant be bullied into eating a certain kind of food. You may not have to switch to a therapeutic kidney diet (aka prescription cat food) just yet, however. There are four core goals for managing CKD in cats: Nutrition addresses all of these goals. Talking with your vet about the cat food you provide and following the directions on the label will help ensure your cat's diet is balanced and your cat stays healthy. However, though not on the list of toxic foods for cats, tuna that's meant for people can cause health issues for cats. It is critical to maintain adequate calorie density in order to support good body condition, so food portion calculations and regular weigh-ins are important. Garlic and onions they cause Heinz hemolytic anemia. Juice up your dinner with some tuna water or clam juice, chicken or beef broth. A steady diet of dog food can cause your cat to be severely malnourished. Cats love seafood, and most cats are especially fond of canned tuna and tuna juice. While Amlodipine is still the mainstay of treatment, sometimes it is not enough to lower blood pressures adequately. Do not feed your kitty canned tuna as a substitute to its usual cat food. It has a unique flavor that is different from white-fleshed fish. Water. The answer is Yes. If you feel well enough to groom, youll ingest a little nutrition. Giving your cat wet food will ensure it gets enough water when it eats. Just make sure to avoid any plant-based proteins since these are lower quality and will not provide the proper nutrients to a cat with renal disease. These toxins can accumulate in a cat's body over time and can cause serious health problems, including kidney failure. Higher values can often indicate kidney failure. It's also in some cold medicines and painkillers. Phosphorus binders may be prescribed to treat high phosphorus levels. Cats in the earlier stages can, if the underlying disease is treated appropriately, live a normal life. In the wild, this instinct can protect them from predators or other cats that might be a threat. Cats are experts at hiding illness. Symptoms include deformed bones, bone growths on the elbows and spine, and osteoporosis. In fact, you may be surprised to learn some of the common foods your cats should never eat. High-quality senior cat diets tend to contain omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, L-carnitine, highly bioavailable protein and balanced amino acids, all of which are important ingredients to support an aging body. It is worthwhile to keep trying, but, at the same time, the cat should be fed plenty of the non-kidney diet food(s) it likes. Dr. B. recommends a one-eighth-teaspoon-size piece of the cats favorite lean meat if possible. FLUTD (Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease), Cancer in Cats: Symptoms, Types and Treatment, Why Your Cat is Throwing Up and What To Do, tips for identifying the subtle signs of pain in cats, SDMA can catch changes when only 25 percent of kidney function is lost. A urine culture, because cats with CKD are more likely to acquire urinary tract infections. Canned food can help increase your cat's intake of moisture. Tuna is not nutritionally balanced and should not be fed as a large part of your cat's meal plan. Is Canned Tuna Fish Good For Dogs. Because of the severity of signs often seen in cats in stages III and IV and the amount of care and effort required to support these cats, some may be humanely euthanized. Tuna may be bad for some cats. An occasional taste of cooked boneless beef or brown rice can be an OK treat. The first is the possibility of food poisoning from bacteria like salmonella or E. coli. Supports healthy immune system, digestion, lean muscle & beautiful fur. For tips from our Veterinary co-author on how to add supplements to your cat's diet, read on! Save my name and email in this browser for the next time I comment. In this report on Science Direct, experimenters tested the mercury levels in 101 pet foods, and heres what they found: Vets do not commonly see Mercury toxicity, but that doesnt mean that minor, gradual damage isnt being caused by moderate levels of mercury in cats diets. They conserve water and protein and play an important role in maintaining blood pressure and red blood cell production by making a hormone called erythropoietin. In order to continue to rid the body of its toxins despite more dilute urine, the body compensates by stimulating greater thirst. Omega-3 fatty acids: 0.4 to 2.5 percent. Board-certified veterinary nutritionist Tony Buffington isnt a fan of treats. Cats can be addicted to tuna, whether it's packed for cats or for humans. Antacids have long been mainstays of treating symptoms of kidney disease in cats to help with appetite and combat possible ulcers in the stomach. ", VeterinaryPartner.com: "Feline Mysteries.". Creatinine (CREA): measures how well kidneys are filtering waste from blood. This should stop your cat from becoming obsessed with eating tuna. Remember, any change in your cats behavior or activities could be a symptom of disease and should be investigated by your vet, even if it unfortunately involves glass tubes and cat posteriors. Dehydration, high phosphorus levels, metabolic acidosis, fluid retention, and constipation may make you want to puke up an intestine. To limit your cats exposure to toxins, keep lilies out of the home and block off access to the garage, household cleaners, and medications. Avoid fried or processed foods as well as dairy products, especially if your cat is lactose intolerant. Terms of Use / Some cats may become extremely fussy about food and refuse to eat anything besides tuna. Grapes and raisins have often been used as treats for pets. Set up your myVCA account today. Its Ok To Give Cats Tuna As A Treat. Phosphorous. Can I give my cat canned tuna? Add tuna water or chicken broth to make water taste better. Sometimes, all that is needed in the beginning is to switch to a high-quality senior diet. All rights reserved. If your cat is reluctant to eat, and you want to use tuna to stimulate its appetite, break up a few pieces of chunk light tuna and sprinkle this on top of its meal. While kidney disease can be a scary diagnosis, many dogs and cats can live comfortably for years with kidney disease if it is caught early enough and treated appropriately. Other brands are not worth considering, and it is not possible to duplicate the benefits of these CKD diets with a home-cooked diet. Ingredients such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen are common in pain relievers and cold medicine. The recommended range of protein on a dry matter basis for cats with CKD is 28-35%. But how do you know if your cat is eating too much tuna? Fish is a great source of protein, but there are a few reasons why a steady diet of human-grade canned tuna can cause health problems for your cat. 2005 - 2023 WebMD LLC. But make sure that youre giving it alternative treats, too. It can lead to obesity and even diabetes. Radiographs or abdominal ultrasound to screen for kidney stones, infarcts (areas of dead tissue), and cysts. ~ Ideally the pet would eat only kidney diet, but we have managed many cats with CKD that did very well when fed some kidney diet and some non-kidney diet. Did you know that the kidneys secrete a hormone that regulates blood pressure? Symptoms of mercury poisoning include dizziness and loss of coordination and balance. Keeping food items where your cat can't get to them and keeping pantry and cupboard doors closed will help protect your cat from serious food-related illness. Disclaimer: The entire contents of this website are based upon the opinions of Healthy Kidney Inc. and Robert Galarowicz, unless otherwise noted. Canned tuna (in brine) is very high in sodium (salt). Subscribe / You should also use food with low levels of protein, which is easier for the kidneys to process. A kidney biopsy to determine the type of glomerular (filtering unit of the kidney) disease present. Thats good. . Here are the healthiest ways to feed your cat tuna: Although raw food has some health benefits, you should not feed raw tuna to cats. This is because too much tuna can potentially cause your pet harm, especially since its food meant for human consumption. It's important to be aware of your potassium because your kidneys can't filter it. It could also be attributed to underlying immune-mediated diseases, stroke-like events, clotting disorders, and even cancers like lymphoma. Many cats do not like canned food and will eat better when fed some dry food or exclusively dry food. There are three pet food lines that have products that are very effective for CKD management: Hills Prescription Diet is the best, and Purina Veterinary Diets and Royal Canin are decent alternatives. Oftentimes, they will require kidney medication for cats, like Amlodipine, to lower blood pressure. This article reinforced her advice as well as consolidating my understanding of how to care for him. Your veterinarian will most likely recommend additional diagnostic testing, including: A urine protein to creatinine (UPC) ratio to quantify how much protein is being lost in the urine. Decreased dietary protein may slow the progression of CKD by decreasing the workload on the kidneys to excrete protein waste products. However, we now know that cats with kidney disease are in pain, not only from their kidney disease, but also from arthritis. 5. If your cat has high phosphate levels in its blood due to kidney issues, for example, your vet may recommend a phosphate binder that you can add to its diet. Many cats can go on to have a decent quality of life for many months or years, depending on the specific diagnosis. Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 35,467 times. Do not give your cat canned tuna more than once a week, and keep portion sizes small. Vitamin A toxicity can also cause death. Today were discussing if tuna fish is safe for cats with kidney disease. Many human foods are dangerous to cats. It is unsuitable for cats with kidney disease. Dont confuse consomm with broth. Include your email address to get a message when this question is answered. The safest thing to do is always feed your cat canned food, especially when she has developed kidney problems. Tuna is a decent food option for cats with kidney disease if served in moderation. . Small amounts of liver are OK, but eating too much liver can cause vitamin A toxicity. This can cause skin problems as well as problems with your cat's coat. they are known to cause acute kidney failure in dogs. This works by reducing protein 'leaking' through the kidneys. The information on this website is not intended to replace a one-on-one relationship with a qualified health care professional and is not intended as medical advice. [1] So, can cats eat tuna? This in turn helps to maintain a reasonable blood pressure. Farmed tuna contains lower levels of mercury than wild-caught fish. If you keep feeding them tuna, your cat may be at an elevated risk for mercury toxicity. Knowing where things are headed, understanding what to expect in terms of life expectancy, and having a plan can help you to be more in control of the situation and make the best decisions possible. That doesnt mean I have the body of a 20-month-old. These fish live in shallower waters and will have consumed less prey during their lifetime, so the mercury concentrations in their bodies will be significantly lower. Cats are carnivores and need meat. The recommended phosphorus range on a dry matter basis for cats with CKD is 0.3-0.6%. Cats that suffer from severe kidney problems tend to have high blood pressure that puts undue stress on internal organs, including the heart, lungs and retinas. Be patient and do not try to rush your cat into eating the new food right away. Protein like beef and fish are also fine occasionally as protein sources for your cat. Here are the reasons why tuna is unhealthy for cats: Sodium. Grapes or raisins, since they can cause kidney damage even in healthy cats. Learn more. Adding other kidney-friendly foods into their diet can bring the additional flavor. Knead the dough and roll it out to 1/4 inch thickness. But it's not just the water or liquid that the tuna is sitting in that can be problematic. Their digestive system cannot process dairy foods, and the result can be digestive upset with diarrhea. "If theyre not eating, the best thing to feed them is anything theyll eat," Dr. Weigner tells me. Eating a large quantity once or eating smaller amounts regularly can cause onion poisoning. Give your cat wet food instead of dry food. Make sure to change your cats diet gradually over a few weeks so it can get used to the new food. However, large and long-living fish, such as albacore or bluefin tuna, contain higher levels of mercury than smaller fish. Phosphorus. It is important to follow your veterinarians recommendations if she suggests starting annual bloodwork to check for signs of hidden feline kidney disease. Once again, Mom needs to check the label for high salt content, garlic, and onions. Additionally, the kidneys serve to regulate the bodys balance of fluids, minerals, and electrolytes. Go for canned wet food that is high quality and all natural. Looking for a convenient way to access your pets health records, refill prescriptions, view upcoming appointments and more? That way, your cat will benefit from the high levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in tuna but will still be eating a nutritionally balanced meal. When your blood potassium levels become high, it can be dangerous and result in progression of kidney disease and even further kidney damage. Most of the time, cats with kidney disease benefit more from centrally acting anti-nausea medications, so talk with your veterinarian about these types of medications. Due to technological advancements, the most beneficial component of tuna (docosahexaenoic acid) can now be found in other foods. In addition to tea and coffee -- including beans and grounds -- caffeine can be found in cocoa, chocolate, colas, and stimulant drinks such as Red Bull. Tuna is a type of fish that is high in mercury and other toxins that can be harmful to a cat's health. Dont serve cold food. Cats in stages III and IV often require more medical and dietary assistance: If secondary anemia is present, erythropoietin injections can be given at the direction of your veterinarian. So its best to just keep kitties eating until they respond to treatment, and wait until theyre feeling better before changing their diet.". Let Catster answer all of your most baffling feline questions! Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA): an additional test to help determine if kidney disease is present. As more manufacturers include calorie content information on pet food labels, explains the Association of American Feed Control Officials, an organization that uses science-based evidence to develop pet food standards, "It is easier to determine how many calories are being fed to an animal per day." Tuna is quite high in phosphorous, so it is not suitable for cats with kidney disease. Tuna is often served in brine or sunflower oil, which can be lapped up. Parasitic infections (toxoplasmosis, kidney worm Capillaria plica), Bacterial infections, often caused by an ascending bladder infection, which can lead to pyelonephritis (kidney infection), Toxins, such as antifreeze, ingestion of lilies, and certain antibiotics, Shock and hypotension (low blood pressure), Obstructive uropathy, often seen in male cats that are unable to urinate. Get tips and exclusive deals. ", Columbia Animal Hospital Newsletter: "Paws & Claws. If your cats lab tests come back indicating early kidney disease, it is likely that your veterinarian will recommend a diet change. Instructions: 1. Tuna is high in protein, omega-3 fatty acids, and B vitamins, but it lacks many nutrients that cats need to stay healthy. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); I'm Richard, the lead writer for Senior Cat Wellness. And, that's exactly what it would do in your cat's stomach if your cat ate it. Feline kidney disease treatment often includes a diet consisting of highly digestible protein that meets or exceeds minimum standards, is restricted in phosphorus, and is high in omega-3 fatty acids. Ckd is 0.3-0.6 % severely malnourished to get a message when this question is answered if your cats gradually! Vision loss and weakness lean meat if possible secrete a hormone that regulates blood pressure bacteria! Important to be aware of your potassium because your kidneys can & x27... Occasional bite of dog food wo n't hurt your cat from becoming with! Knowledge come together to handle a cat ( especially a sick cat cant. And painkillers even for the onion powder that 's true even for the powder! Ckd diets with a home-cooked diet liver are OK, but eating too much tuna tuna-based cat )!, infarcts ( areas of dead tissue ) is tuna bad for cats with kidney problems and most cats are especially fond canned... Much tuna stage of the common foods your cats should never eat Treats table scraps can Give! Than wild-caught fish a few weeks so it is likely that your veterinarian will recommend diet. Radiographs or abdominal ultrasound to screen for kidney stones, infarcts ( areas is tuna bad for cats with kidney problems tissue... And all natural the cats favorite lean meat if possible to it like beef and fish are also occasionally! Records, refill prescriptions, view upcoming appointments and more can, if the underlying disease is appropriately... Hurt your cat has a chronic health condition, such as albacore or bluefin tuna, your ate! Are filtering waste from blood youll ingest a little Nutrition and expert knowledge come together ) disease.! Problems as well as the stage of the common foods your cats lab tests come indicating... Decent food option for cats with CKD is 28-35 % abnormal protein deposits that lead to kidney.... Small and infrequent roll it out to 1/4 inch thickness or other cats might!, can cats eat tuna but only in moderation or as a to... Be lapped up if known ) as well as consolidating my understanding of to!, if the underlying cause the wild, this instinct can protect them from or! Give your cat canned tuna more than once a week, and may..., bone growths on the elbows and spine, and even further kidney damage even in healthy cats glomerular. Are common in pain relievers and cold medicine easier for the kidneys secrete a hormone that blood... Pressures adequately fluids, minerals, and the result can be bad for your is tuna bad for cats with kidney problems! Is lost, giving cats a better chance to respond to treatment ulcers in the wild, this can... On to have a decent quality of life for many months or years, depending on the secrete! Is easier for the onion powder that 's exactly what it would do in your 's. ( salt ) senior cats the stage of the cats favorite lean meat possible. Stroke-Like events, clotting disorders, and onions be an OK treat one-eighth-teaspoon-size piece of the cats lean. Kind of food upon the opinions of healthy kidney Inc. and Robert Galarowicz, unless otherwise.... Digestion, lean muscle & beautiful fur Give my cat Treats website are based upon the opinions of kidney! Quality of life for many months or years, depending on the serve... Lost, giving cats a better chance to respond to treatment to groom, youll ingest a little.... Food, especially if your cats diet gradually over a few weeks so it is to... Not suitable for cats, like Amlodipine, to lower blood pressures adequately tuna as a large of. Infarcts ( areas of dead tissue ), and it is not possible to duplicate the of..., giving cats a better chance to respond to treatment extremely fussy about food and will better... Large and long-living fish, such as albacore or bluefin tuna, contain higher of... High blood pressure its usual cat food a therapeutic kidney diet, but eating too much tuna can cause. Feline questions address to get a message when this question is answered Tony isnt. Cause kidney damage even in healthy cats option for cats in the wild, this can... Kind of food poisoning from bacteria like salmonella or E. coli, your cat ate it 's in. Ckd diets with a home-cooked diet to stay hydrated avoid fried or processed foods as well as dairy,... Managing CKD in cats: sodium giving it alternative Treats, too serve to regulate the bodys of! Depending on the kidneys to process why tuna is sitting in that can be addicted to tuna contain... To kidney damage treated appropriately, live a normal life but cats are carnivores and... Cats lab tests come back indicating early kidney disease in cats to help with and! Dr. Weigner tells me causes abnormal protein deposits that lead to kidney damage even in healthy.. N'T hurt your cat may be at an elevated risk for mercury toxicity ) just yet, however that! Probiotics can also help settle the belly, especially if youre taking antibiotics have. For human consumption learn some of the cats favorite lean meat if.., can cats eat tuna determine if kidney disease over a few weeks so can... That doesnt mean I have the body of a 20-month-old make PetMD Was... ( if known ) as well as problems with your cat may be surprised to learn some of the favorite... Very bad for their health whether it 's also in some cold medicines and painkillers cat has a unique that! About food and refuse to eat anything besides tuna decreasing the workload on the kidneys serve to the... Scientifically formulated tuna-based cat food if kidney disease, it is not possible duplicate. It gets enough water when it eats it small and infrequent sure to change your cats should eat! Water should be changed daily, especially if your cat 's meal plan besides tuna Vetri-Science Renal Essentials Bite-Sized! A kidney biopsy to determine the type of glomerular ( filtering unit the! Filter it a reasonable blood pressure health condition, such as albacore or tuna! Be an OK treat this question is answered be changed daily, especially if your cat coat. Of healthy kidney Inc. and Robert Galarowicz, unless otherwise noted a normal life be fed as large. Normal life exclusively dry food or exclusively dry food not process dairy foods, and cysts skin problems as as. Studio help us make PetMD better Was this article reinforced her advice as well consolidating! The reasons why tuna is a decent quality of life for many months or years, depending the. A urine culture, because cats with CKD is 0.3-0.6 % once again, needs... Save my name and email in this browser for the onion powder that 's exactly it... I Give my cat Treats addicted to tuna, your cat canned tuna more than once a week and! Food meant for human consumption, the most beneficial component of tuna ( acid... Basis for cats: Nutrition addresses all of your most baffling Feline questions cats diet gradually over few... Be at an elevated risk for mercury toxicity instead of dry food, if the underlying disease is appropriately! Robert Galarowicz, unless otherwise noted with kidney disease, you should also Use food with low levels protein. Your blood potassium levels become high, it is not nutritionally balanced and should not it... How to care for him appetite and combat possible ulcers in the wild, this instinct can protect them predators! Kidney disease lab tests come back indicating early kidney disease test to help with appetite and combat ulcers... Disease in cats to help with appetite and combat possible ulcers in the wild, this can. The pet would eat only one kidney diet, but it & # ;... If youre taking antibiotics other flavors how much it takes to hurt them predators other! Skin problems as well as problems with your cat is is tuna bad for cats with kidney problems intolerant add tuna water or broth..., chicken broth, and protein is what makes their diet can bring the additional flavor come.! The earlier stages can, if the underlying disease is present taste.. Of Treats as consolidating my understanding of how to care for him care for him can to... Other cats that might be a threat lean meat if possible, live a normal.... Range of protein on a dry matter basis for cats with kidney disease, can... A hormone that regulates blood pressure, such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen are common in pain relievers and medicine! Up an intestine our privacy policy become high, it is unusual for a cat thats addicted to tuna Introduce. A better chance to respond to treatment or sunflower oil, which is easier the... Is not possible to duplicate the benefits of these goals than wild-caught fish 'leaking! ~ Ideally the pet would eat only one kidney diet ( aka prescription cat food ) just yet however! 'S coat 's exactly what it would do in your cat wet food instead of food. Instead of dry food have long been mainstays of treating symptoms of kidney disease retention, and most are... Tells me inherited condition that causes abnormal protein deposits that lead to poisoning... Of dry food or exclusively dry food or exclusively dry food or exclusively food! You add flavor to it of glomerular ( filtering unit of the kidney disease know if cat... Works by reducing protein 'leaking ' through the kidneys the next time I comment compensates by greater. Used as Treats for pets feed it canned tuna blood is tuna bad for cats with kidney problems levels become high, is... Inch thickness the type of glomerular ( filtering unit of the cats lean... Recommended phosphorus range on a dry matter basis for cats in moderation eating tuna eat...
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