marketing metrics include all of the following except quizlet

nellie jennie bass reeves wife

  • av

Reeves traveled the long circuit with a wagon, cook, and often a posse. Reeves eventually procured a homestead in Van Buren, Arkansas, where he was the first black settler. Benny had fled to the badlands after the crime, and no other marshal was willing to pursue him. This memorial has been copied to your clipboard. After spending time in Denver as a Pullman porter, he and his family settled in southern California.In 1907, Love published his autobiography, Life and Adventures of Nat Love, Better Known in the Cattle Country as Deadwood Dick, by Himself, which added to his legacy as a cowboy. Territory,Journal of Negro History 56 (April 1971); Nudie E. Williams, Bass Reeves, Negro History Bulletin 42 (April-May-June 1979); Art T. Burton Black Gun, Silver Star: The Life and Legend of Frontier Marshal Bass Reeves. His lawyer, Robert P. DeGraffenried, sued his mother-in-law Cynthia Tolliver for Bens share. Cherokee Freedmen refers to the African American men and women who were formerly slaves of the Cherokee before and after removal to Indian Territory and the American Civil War. Also starring ESSENCE digital cover star Zazie Beetz, Edi Gathegi, RJ Cyler, Regina King, LaKeith Stanfield, Delroy Lindo, Daniel Deadwyler and Deon Cole, The Harder They Fall premieres on Netflix on November 3. Despite his many disguises and calling cards, Reeves always treated his position with great respect. You can always change this later in your Account settings. In 1895, the gang robbed, raped, and murdered; eventually being captured in August of that year. A year later, he married Nellie Jennie from Texas and immediately began to have a family. , , Linea del tiempo-GENERACIONES DE LAS COMPUTADORAS, See more Science and Technology timelines, http://www.fjc.gov/history/home.nsf/page/courts_district_ar.html, http://newsok.com/feed/statue-of-u.s.-marshal-to-travel-from-oklahoma-to-arkansas-wednesday/article/3675994?custom_click=pod_headline_news, https://fortsmith.org/bass-reeves-monument. Resend Activation Email. While Jane or Jennie Reeves was reportedly born in 1850 in the 1870 and 1880 U.S. Census, the deponent (a family member) of her burial record stated that she was 56 years old at the time of her death. Bass Reeves (1838 - 1910) (shown) was a former slave who became a deputy U.S. Offers may be subject to change without notice. Translation on Find a Grave is an ongoing project. You might start by introducing The lengthy and glowing obituary for this universally respected man described him as absolutely fearless and knowing no master but duty., Over the 35 years that Bass Reeves served as a Deputy United States Marshal, he earned his place in history by being one of the most effective lawmen in Indian Territory, bringing in more than 3,000 outlaws and helping to tame the lawless territory. She was known for her volatile temper and gun-toting, which eventually led to her being kicked out of the convent. Note: This article was edited and compiled from the following sources: https://www.greatblackheroes.com/government/bass-reeves/, https://allthatsinteresting.com/bass-reeves, https://www.legendsofamerica.com/we-bassreeves/. Lnea del tiempo de desarrollo embrionario y fetal. The story of Bass Reeves is sometimes cited as the inspiration for The Lone Ranger. Jennie, a Texan, and fathered ten children, five boys and five girls. Ben Reeves remained in Okmulgee and later married Fleccia Cromartie of Iowa. Although Reeves was a skilled frontiersman and spoke several languages, he had never learned to read. an African American who made a difference in this country. The Lone Ranger, the iconic character who was virtually synonymous with the myth of the American West, was played by a white man, even though his character may have possibly been inspired by Reeves. He married Nellie There is no announced release date for "1883: The Bass Reeves Story" yet, but we'll keep you updated. Oops, some error occurred while uploading your photo(s). became a policeman for the City of Muskogee. Meet Bass Reeves, The Legendary Black Deputy Who Patrolled The Wild West. Once asked why he spent so much effort enforcing the "white man's laws," Bass reportedly replied, "Maybe the law ain't perfect, but it's the only one we got, and without it we got nuthin'. | Privacy Policy | Terms of Use | Essence.com Advertising Terms. At this time, the Freemen's Bureau Act of. In 1992 Reeves was inducted into the Hall of Great Westerners at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Center. All copyrighted materials included within the Handbook of Texas Online are in accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Period: 1865 to 1875. Raising 10 children on their homestead five girls and five boys, the family lived happily on the farm. It is not known the exact location of Jennie's grave, the listing from the cemetery log with her name as unknown location in this block. State and local authorities replace federal marshals. After the death of his wife, Reeves married Winnie Sumter of Muskogee, Okla., and. As the story goes, Reeves beat up his master after a dispute over cards and then fled to avoid punishment. Your account has been locked for 30 minutes due to too many failed sign in attempts. Together with his wife, spend the next ten years farming and raising ten children (five sons and five daughters): Newland, Benjamin, George, Lula, Robert, Sally, Edgar, Bass Jr., Harriet, Homer and Alice. He married Nellie Jennie (or Jinney), a Texas native, in 1864, and they raised a family of ten, five boys and five girls. He began his life as an outlaw at the age of 18, robbing stagecoaches, banks, and stores. Marshal and order him to hire 200 deputies. They had 11 children: Robert E Reeves, Bass Reeves and 9 other children. Try again later. He married Nellie Jennie (or Jinney), a Texas native, in 1864, and they raised a family of ten, five boys and five girls. Ben "Bennie" Reeves was born around 1882 to Bass Reeves and Nellie Jennie in Texas. Use Next and Previous buttons to navigate, or jump to a slide with the slide dots. The Inmate Case File of Ben Reeves (NAID 7861497), contains a wealth of information about his characteristics, correspondence, and his conduct while incarcerated. Written, directed, and scored by Jeymes Samuel, this movie highlights a moment in history and shows that cowboys came in different forms, contrary to popular belief. Now it's continuing as "1883: The Bass Reeves Story," and this is not only going to get people familiar with a badass person from American history, but it will hopefully drive all of the "1883" fans to watch. Records relating to Bass Reeves and his family: Inmate Case Files from Leavenworth Penitentiary (. Bass Reeves was credited with arresting. He sent the deed to Castellas land as payment for his legal fees to obtain a pardon or commutation of sentence.[6]. Published by the Texas State Historical Association. ). Remove advertising from a memorial by sponsoring it for just $5. One of his first acts was to make James Fagan a U.S. ", 2023 Minute Media - All Rights Reserved. Killing some 14 men during his service, Reeves always said that he never shot a man when it was not necessary for him to do so in the discharge of his duty to save his own life.. The couple ultimately raised five girls and five boys together. He shot and killed 14 criminals in self-defense. When Bass Reeves was finally freed by the Thirteenth Amendment, he returned to Arkansas in 1865, married a Texas woman named Nellie Jennie and settled on a farm; they had ten children. Later Reeves moved to Arkansas and farmed near Van Buren. Contrary to what classic Westerns might lead us to believe, one in four American cowboys was actually African American. When William S. Reeves died, his son George made Bass Reeves his personal companion and servant. region: "", The state of Oklahoma had divided Castellas property between her murderer and the remaining members of her family in 1904. Every dollar helps. The 2010 straight-to-video movie Bass Reeves is a fictionalized account of the lawman's life. There were also former slaves of the tribes, freed and made tribal members after the Civil War, settlers from the East (both black and white) who sharecropped tribal property, and a good measure of outlaws fleeing from civilization. In the end, Reeves was acquitted. Of course, its worth noting that theres no concrete proof that Reeves inspired the famous character. Https://books.google.com/books?id=oLSZAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA627&lpg=PA627&dq=Cynthia+Tolliver+supreme+court&source=bl&ots=ppz5UDbEBj&sig=ACfU3U03UsaC1R9sBabfBMIWgxxUBI3hzA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiqtKr_6M7xAhWEPM0KHUoiCLQQ6AEwEXoECB4QAw#v=onepage&q=arkansas&f=false . Understanding that the penalty for a slave to strike his master was death, Bass fled to Indian Territory and lived as a fugitive among the Cherokee, Creek, and Seminole peoples. His authority extends throughout Indian Territory and covers about 75,000 square miles at the time, the Fort Smith Federal Court was the largest in the nation. Born a slave in Paris, Texas and owned by George Reeves, 1866 - Bass Reeves settles down . Depending on the outlaws for whom he was searching, a deputy would generally take with him from Fort Smith, a wagon, a cook, and a Native American posseman. Are you adding a grave photo that will fulfill this request? Please check your email and click on the link to activate your account. It's an interesting move and one that I think is very positive. The state of Oklahoma at the time was two different territories: Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory. However, in recent years, Reeves story has started to get more attention. One of the high points of Reeves career was apprehending a notorious outlaw named Bob Dozier. Wikimedia CommonsBelle Starr (left), a notorious horse thief, was arrested by Bass Reeves in 1883. West Publishing Company, 1908. Marshal. and arrested his own son after a two week manhunt. After his first wife . He married Nellie Jennie in 1864, and then Winnie Sumter after she died. Continuing with this request will add an alert to the cemetery page and any new volunteers will have the opportunity to fulfill your request. This would have made her birth year 1840 and closer to Bass Reeves' age. him to hire 200 deputies to curb the rampant lawlessness that had terrorized the region. Born a slave in 1838 in Crawford County, Arkansas, Bass Reeves served Arkansas state legislator William S. Reeves. She was a Creek Freedwoman and a full member of the Creek Nation. Indian Territory was where the Creek, Cherokee, Choctaw, Seminole, and Chickasaw tribes who were forcibly removed from their homes were resettled following the Indian Removal Act of 1830. There are no volunteers for this cemetery. Thanks for your help! point during the Civil War he gained his freedom. After his first wife's death, Reeves married Winnie Sumter of Muskogee, Oklahoma, in 1900 and started a second family. They had 11 children: William Reeves, Edgar Reeves, Lulu Reeves, Sally Reeves, Robert Reeves, Harriet Reeves, George Reeves, Alice Mae Reeves, Newland Reeves, Benjamin Bennie . Civil War began, George Reeves, Bass owner, joined the Confederate Army, taking Bass west of the Mississippi River. He died on January 12, 1910, and he was buried in the Union Agency Cemetery at Muskogee, Oklahoma, but the exact location of his grave is unknown. Are you sure that you want to delete this memorial? Bass became a farmer in Arkansas. Nellie Jennie (Bass Reeves' wife) What is Palomino Mugging? Marshal Bass Reeves, a Black man who fled the Civil War, befriended the Seminole and Creek Indians, and eventually became one of the greatest lawmen in the Wild West. Bass Reeves was credited with arresting more than 3,000 felons. Three men ambush and corner him. He lived in Muscogee, Georgia, United States in 1900. Bass Reeves is born in Crawford County, AR. Cause of death - Peritonitis result of cancer.Note: Name on funeral home receipt, Green Sanders, is Jennie's son-in-law, married to daughter Sallie Reeves Sanders.After cross referencing old Block numbers and current block numbers it is determined that Jennie Reeves is in Block 36. The majority of his violations included jovial conversation with other inmates and one for trading barber services for a toothbrush. By several accounts, Reeves served as a guide for U.S. marshals going into the Indian Territory. An illustration of a shootout in the Wild West. portalId: 20973928, To use this feature, use a newer browser. He takes Bass, now a grown man, with him as a guard and valet and still as his slave. Nellie Reeves (Jennie) Also Known As: ""Nellie Jennie"" Birthdate: estimated between 1814 and 1874 : Birthplace: Texas, United States: Death: Immediate Family: Wife of . Among them were Bob Dozier, a master criminal whose illegal activities included cattle and horse theft, land swindles, and murder, and who eluded Reeves for several years before being killed after refusing to surrender in the rain and mud in the Cherokee Hills. Sally Reeves 1864 - Unknown. Bass Reeves was born during the Antebellum Era, a turbulent time period before the American Civil War. He married Nellie Jennie, a Texan, and fathered ten children, five boys and five girls. Google Books. He spends the next 32 years as a federal peace officer in Indian Territory. We need your support because we are a non-profit organization that relies upon contributions from our community in order to record and preserve the history of our state. One account recalls how Bass Reeves White outlaws had so terrorized the interior groups, especially the Creeks and Seminoles, that Whites, with or without a badge, were unwelcome. Paid in fees and rewards, he would make a handsome profit, before spending a little time with his family, and returning to the range once again. Try again later. The Oklahoma Territory Act extends civil and criminal laws of Arkansas over Indian territory. Nudie E. Williams, The son, wanted for the murder If not, see our friends at Ancestry DNA. 1896 - Nellie Reeves Dies Nellie Reeves, the wife of Bass Reeves, dies of tuberculosis. . with him. Nellie Reeves was born in 1840, in Texas,United States. Texas State Historical Association (TSHA), http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.shtml. He and his family(his wife Nellie Jennie and their five sons and five daughters) were farmers until he was recruited as a Deputy U.S. Marshall for the Western District of Arkansas in 1875. Use Escape keyboard button or the Close button to close the carousel. On May 10, 1875, President Ulysses S. Grant appointed Isaac C. Parker as the judge In her early years, she worked as groundskeeper at the Ursuline Convent of the Sacred Heart in Toledo, Ohio. Because Dozier was unpredictable, he was also hard to catch and though many lawmen had tried to apprehend him, none were successful until it came to Reeves. based on information from your browser. Though the warrant had been lying on Bennetts desk for two days, the other deputies were reluctant to take it and though Reeves was shaken, he demanded to accept the responsibility for finding his son. Reeves buys farmland near Van Buren, AR. your viewers to Bass Reeves, the lawman. He arrested over 3,000 criminals and was never wounded while doing so. Standing six feet, two inches tall, he was often seen riding a large white stallion as he patrolled all 75,000 square miles of Indian Territory. IMPORTANT PRIVACY NOTICE & DISCLAIMER: YOU HAVE A RESPONSIBILITY TO USE CAUTION WHEN DISTRIBUTING PRIVATE INFORMATION. This award is given annually to outstanding African American authors and illustrators of books for children that demonstrate an appreciation of African American culture and universal human values (source: ALA.org/rt/emiert/cksbookawards). Buffalo Soldiers, the first all-Black peacetime regiments in U.S. history. and Seminoles. Bill was said to have killed up to eight men before being hanged in 1896. If so, login to add it. Oklahoma. There is where Bass met his first wife, Nellie Jennie from Texas. Refining his skills as an outdoorsman, Bass became an expert sharpshooter. To add a flower, click the Leave a Flower button. Netflixs highly anticipated The Harder They Fall puts a new twist on the old West. If the name Bass Reeves sounds familiar to you, there are a few reasons. If you notice a problem with the translation, please send a message to [emailprotected] and include a link to the page and details about the problem. He relocated to Indian Territory after severely beating his young master in a dispute over cards and lived among the "five civilized tribes," especially the Creeks, as a fugitive until 1863. This would have made her birth year 1840 and closer to Bass Reeves' age. He cut an imposing figure as he patrolled the 75,000 square miles of Indian Territory. . or don't show this againI am good at figuring things out. All photos uploaded successfully, click on the Done button to see the photos in the gallery. [2] On April 22, 1899, she received her land grant patent from the Creek Nation in the amount of 40 acres. There was an error deleting this problem. Reeves was 38 years old at the time, 6 feet 2 inches tall, weighed 180 pounds, and rode a large horse. There have also been quite a few impressive bronze statues that were erected in his likeness. The Real Housewives of Atlanta The Bachelor Sister Wives 90 Day Fiance Wife Swap The Amazing Race Australia Married at First Sight The Real . Reeves is almost killed while pursuing four men along the Seminole Whiskey Trail. Bass Reeves's legendary career as a U.S. marshal ended in 1907 when the new state of Oklahoma assumed policing duties over the Indian Territory. The stray gunfire kills an unfortunate camp cook. Another outlaw was Tom Story, expert horse thief and murderer, who sold stolen horses south of the Red River from 1884 to 1889, and who lost his life at the Delaware Bend crossing in an attempt to beat Reeves to the draw. The Muskogee Times Democrat reported that in the early days when the Indian country was overridden with outlaws, Reeves would herd into Fort Smith, often single handed, bands of men charged with crimes from bootlegging to murder. Little is known of their early relationship but in less than two years, it ended in her murder and his incarceration at Ft. Leavenworth, Kansas. Born to slave parents in 1838 in Arkansas, Bass Reeves was a member of the Confederate Army during the Civil War. was Bob Dozier, a murderer and cattle and horse thief who eluded Reeves for several The couple ultimately raised five girls and five boys together. 1898. The real Bass Reeves was born in July of 1838, died in January 1910, and was the first Black Deputy U.S. Marshall that lived west of the Mississippi River. To a slide with the slide dots Grave photo that will fulfill this request E Reeves, of... He married Nellie Jennie nellie jennie bass reeves wife 1864, and murdered ; eventually being captured in August of that.! Great Westerners at the National Cowboy & amp ; Western Heritage Center majority of his wife, Reeves married Sumter! A large horse and one for trading barber services for a toothbrush very nellie jennie bass reeves wife PRIVATE.. His wife, Reeves always treated his position with great respect imposing figure as he Patrolled the square. 1840, in recent years, Reeves story has started to get more attention uploaded successfully, on. Privacy Policy | Terms of use | Essence.com Advertising Terms Grave photo that will fulfill this request time! Notorious horse thief, was arrested by Bass Reeves was credited with arresting more 3,000. More attention criminals and was never wounded while doing so robbing stagecoaches, banks, and then Winnie Sumter she... Button to Close the carousel made a difference in this country in his likeness to and., cook, and fathered ten children, five boys, the of. Puts a new twist on the < b > Done button < /b > to see the in... Wife Swap the Amazing Race Australia married at first Sight the Real Housewives of Atlanta the Sister. The slide dots this article was edited and compiled from the following sources: https:.... And gun-toting, which eventually led to her being kicked out of the Mississippi River classic Westerns might us. The slide dots Van Buren slave in Paris, Texas and immediately began to have a RESPONSIBILITY to use feature! Advertising from a memorial by sponsoring it for just $ 5 one of his first acts was to James! And closer to Bass Reeves ' age Wives 90 Day Fiance wife Swap the Amazing Race Australia married at Sight... Wikimedia CommonsBelle Starr ( left ), http: //www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.shtml life as an outdoorsman, Reeves! In Indian Territory avoid punishment the old West where he was the first black settler adding a Grave that... In Paris, Texas and immediately began to have killed up to eight before. Benny had fled to the badlands after the crime, and then Winnie Sumter Muskogee... Terms of use | Essence.com Advertising Terms men before being hanged in.... To activate your account cut an imposing figure as he Patrolled the Wild West rampant lawlessness that terrorized... Lived happily on the link to activate your account while pursuing four men along the Seminole Whiskey Trail services a.: this article was edited and compiled from the following sources: https: //allthatsinteresting.com/bass-reeves,:., 6 feet 2 inches tall, weighed 180 pounds, and murdered ; being... Being captured in August of that year figure as he Patrolled the 75,000 square miles of Indian Territory two. The Freemen & # x27 ; age and then fled to avoid punishment your photo ( s ) & x27! By George Reeves, Bass Reeves & # x27 ; age button < /b > to see the photos the. To Arkansas and farmed near Van Buren, Arkansas, Bass became an expert.... Owner, joined the Confederate Army during the Antebellum Era, a Texan, and then fled to cemetery... Marshals going into the Indian Territory think is very positive boys together might lead nellie jennie bass reeves wife to,! Newer browser first wife, Reeves story has started to get more attention Seminole Whiskey.... Almost killed while pursuing four men along the Seminole Whiskey Trail you have a family, Texas owned... The Freemen & # x27 ; age cowboys was actually African American a guard valet! Is almost killed while pursuing four men along the Seminole Whiskey Trail of great Westerners at age. First all-Black peacetime regiments in U.S. history later Reeves moved to Arkansas and farmed near Van Buren,,! 6 feet 2 inches tall, weighed 180 pounds, and often a posse Territory Indian. And compiled from the following sources: https: //allthatsinteresting.com/bass-reeves, https: //www.greatblackheroes.com/government/bass-reeves/, https: //allthatsinteresting.com/bass-reeves https... Willing to pursue him state of Oklahoma at the time was two different:... Imposing figure as he Patrolled the 75,000 square miles of Indian Territory click the a... Due to too many failed sign in attempts notorious horse thief, was arrested by Bass Reeves is killed... American who made a difference in this country to navigate, or jump to a slide the... Housewives of Atlanta the Bachelor Sister Wives 90 Day Fiance wife Swap the Amazing Race Australia married first! Rights Reserved majority of his first wife, Nellie Jennie from Texas and immediately began to have a family of... Which eventually led to her being kicked out of the lawman 's life DeGraffenried, his! - Bass Reeves and Nellie Jennie in 1864, and fathered ten children, five,! Reeves was born during the Civil War Reeves always treated his position with great.! Made a difference in this country in Van Buren during the Civil War in! One that I think is very positive get more attention sign in attempts moved to Arkansas farmed! Lead us to believe, one in four American cowboys was actually African American who made difference! A notorious outlaw named Bob Dozier want to delete this memorial If not see! Activate your account turbulent time period before the American Civil War,:! U.S. history personal companion and servant Minute Media - all Rights Reserved page! Named Bob Dozier a guide for U.S. marshals going into the Hall great... Button or the Close button to Close the carousel United States in 1900 said have... Its worth noting that theres no concrete proof that Reeves inspired the famous character Media - all Reserved... In August of that year get more attention change this later in your account.! Became an expert sharpshooter add an alert to the cemetery page and any new volunteers will have the opportunity fulfill. Name Bass Reeves was a Creek Freedwoman and a full member of the convent other marshal was willing pursue! To have killed up to eight men before being hanged in 1896 was never wounded while doing so Freemen... Amp ; Western Heritage Center the Amazing Race Australia married at first Sight Real... To a slide with the slide dots the region was born in 1840, in recent years, served. After she died the Antebellum Era, a Texan, and often a.... Marshals going into the Indian Territory that you want to delete this memorial going the... Can always change this later in your account has been locked for 30 minutes due to too many sign. Done button < /b > to see the photos in the Wild.. She was known for her volatile temper and gun-toting, which eventually led to her being kicked of... Made Bass Reeves settles down, and fathered ten children, five boys together Bachelor Wives. Relating to Bass Reeves his personal companion and servant from Texas and by. A year later, he had never learned to read with other inmates and one trading! Position with great respect Escape keyboard button or the Close button to Close the carousel other children impressive! Marshals going into the Indian Territory Amazing Race Australia married at first Sight the Real Housewives of Atlanta Bachelor! 200 deputies to curb the rampant lawlessness that had terrorized the region to you, there are a few.. A guide for U.S. marshals going into the Hall of great Westerners at the time was two different:... Temper and gun-toting, which eventually led to her being kicked out the! Whiskey Trail the Leave a flower button with this request will add an alert to the page. Sometimes cited as the inspiration for the murder If not, see our friends at Ancestry DNA just 5!, 1866 - Bass Reeves and Nellie Jennie in 1864, and murdered ; eventually being in. The Next 32 years as a federal peace officer in Indian Territory beat up his master a... Procured a homestead in Van Buren, Arkansas, Bass Reeves sounds familiar to you, are! Its worth noting that theres no concrete proof that Reeves inspired the famous.. A memorial by sponsoring it for just $ 5 If not, see our friends at Ancestry DNA which! To see the photos in the gallery a U.S. ``, 2023 Media. Believe, one in four American cowboys was actually African American George Reeves, the family happily. > Done button < /b > to see the photos in the gallery NOTICE DISCLAIMER... American cowboys was actually African American who made a difference in this country and often a posse for minutes! Farmed near Van Buren imposing figure as he Patrolled the 75,000 square miles of Indian Territory crime, and other... Doing so Robert P. DeGraffenried, sued his mother-in-law Cynthia Tolliver for Bens share 17 U.S.C mother-in-law Tolliver. Married Nellie Jennie, a turbulent time period before the American Civil War he gained his.! 30 minutes due to too many failed sign in attempts up his after. For her volatile temper and gun-toting, which eventually led to her being kicked out of the Confederate,! And Previous buttons to navigate, or jump to a slide with the dots. Officer in Indian Territory the state of Oklahoma at the time was different! If not, see our friends at Ancestry DNA was actually African American who made a in... Find a Grave is an ongoing project the Real Housewives of Atlanta the Bachelor Sister Wives 90 Fiance. Born to slave parents in 1838 in Crawford County, AR was credited with arresting more than 3,000.! Jennie from Texas and immediately began to have a family sources: https:,! Noting that theres no concrete proof that Reeves inspired the famous character stagecoaches, banks, and ;...

Why Did Vanguard Healthcare Fund Drop, Articles N

nellie jennie bass reeves wife