In settings from Jerusalem to Manhattan, from the archaeological ruins of the Galilee to Kathmandu, The Pale of Settlement gives us characters who struggle to piece together the history and myths of their family's past.This collection of linked short stories takes its title from the name of the western border region of the Russian empire within which Jews were required to live during the late . In 1827, severe restrictions were imposed on the residence of Jews in Kiev, the largest town in southern Russia, which served as an important commercial center for the surrounding regions which had a dense Jewish population. ), 1917, the Pale was abolished by the Russian Provisional Government decree, On the abolition of religious and national restrictions. The Pale consisted of 25 provinces that included Ukraine, Lithuania, Belorussia, Crimea, and part of Poland (which had been partitioned between Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772). Inbreeding depression and IQ. This piece reflects the views of the author and does not necessarily represent those of Religion Unplugged, its staff and contributors. controlled these areas The Czars believed that. 1. 3. Consanguinity, genetic drift, and genetic diseases in populations with reduced numbers of founders. The Russian "Pale of Settlement" was the region of western Imperial Russia in which Jews were allowed to settle permanently. The extreme Right retorted with a counter-motion "to expel the Jews from Russia"; the original motion was voted upon in February 1911 and transferred to the commission for personal freedom, where it fell into oblivion and was no longer mentioned in plenary session of the Duma. Poland but now it's considered Eastern Europe (parts of Ukraine, Lithuania and the Crimea) How many Jews were living in this settlement? The competition among the merchants, shopkeepers, and craftsmen was intense and gave rise to pauperization and the development of a Jewish proletariat which could not be integrated. They were concentrated in commerce (38.6% of the Jews gainfully occupied) and crafts (35.4%); 72.8% of the total of persons engaged in commerce within the Pale of Settlement were Jews, as well as 31.4% of those engaged in crafts. Its area, which varied considerably depending upon the strength of the English authorities, included parts of the modern counties of Dublin, Louth, Meath, and Kildare. Many difficulties were encountered in the application of this law, and in 1858 it was redrafted to apply only to those Jews who would wish to settle in the border zone after that year. Jewish artisans concentrated in certain branches of crafts (tailoring; shoemaking). However, the balance of power in the Duma between the liberals and reactionaries made the proposal of demonstrative value only. In 1835 the provinces of Astrakhan and the northern Caucasus were excluded from the Pale. 6) Tevye's family and the Jews are in a(n) _____ situation considering their existence and lifestyle, and these actions move the play toward its culmination. topic: money; purpose: to inform a manufacturer that you want a cash refund._____, European rulers who embraced many of the philosophes' reforms, monarchical government dedicated to rational strengthening of central absolutist administration at cost of lesser political power centers. By force of historical circumstances they were also restricted in their occupations. Shtibl/Shtiblach How did nationalists deal with the Great Depression? 11) The most often used devices of characterization are _____ and _____. In 1827, Jews living in Kyiv were severely restricted. [citation needed] Jewish merchants of the First Guild ( , the wealthiest sosloviye of merchants in the Russian Empire), people with higher or special education, university students, artisans, army tailors, ennobled Jews, soldiers (drafted in accordance with the Recruit Charter of 1810), and their families had the right to live outside the Pale of Settlement. 5) The main conflict of Tevye is to maintain his religious _____ and culture within an environment of _____ and antagonism. What did other people do so their kids didn't have to serve in these camps? Tevye is trying to decide whether or not he should agree with Lazar's offer to marry Tzeitel. 14) In Scene 4, when Tevye speaks to the audience, what is he trying to decide? [18], The concentration of Jews in the Pale, coupled with Tsar Alexander III's "fierce hatred of the Jews", and the rumors that Jews had been involved in the assassination of his father Tsar Alexander II, made them easy targets for pogroms and anti-Jewish riots by the majority population. The archaic English term pale is derived from the Latin word palus, a stake, extended to mean the area enclosed by a fence or boundary. The largest of the other nations living within the area of the Pale were the Ukrainian, Polish, Belorussian, Russian, Lithuanian, Moldavian (mostly in Bessarabia), and German. Historians argue that the motivations for its creation and maintenance were primarily economic and nationalist in nature. To sum up, it was the intention of the Russian legislators of the reigns of Catherine ii and Alexander i to extend the Pale of Settlement beyond the regions acquired from Poland only to those areas where Jews could serve as a colonizing element. The ukase of Catherine the Great of December 23, 1791 limited the Pale to: After the Second Partition of Poland, the ukase of June 23, 1794, the following areas were added: After the Third Partition of Poland, the following areas were added: After 1805 the Pale gradually shrank, and became limited to the following areas: Congress Poland did not belong to the Pale of Settlement[12]. If you learned of this man's sad tale, what might you have written in an editorial about the event? 23 Feb. 2023 . In 1910 the Jewish members of the *Duma, N. *Friedman and L. *Nisselovich, with the support of the Constitutional-Democratic Party, proposed a bill for the abolition of the Pale of Settlement. This was accomplished both by anti-Jewish enactments on the part of the government and by the growing impatience of Jewish society and liberal public opinion with these disabilities. Identify each underlined verb by writing above it AV for action verb or LV for linking verb. Many gifted painters emerged from this area in the early twentieth century, though few were as famous as Marc Chagall (1887-1985), a modernist painter famous for portraying biblical scenes and themes in his art. The Pale of Settlement (Russian: (pre-1918 spelling ( ), chert osdlosti; Yiddish: -, der tkhum hamyshev; Hebrew: , t'um hammoshv) was a formally delimited area of the Russian Empire, existing from 1791 to 1917 (de facto until 1915) in varying exact borders, comprising the territories of the "Stolen Lands" of the demised Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth containing also the former Cossack Hetmanate, combined with territories of Yedisan, Crimean Khanate and Bessarabia formerly under Ottoman control, within which the Jews were allowed to reside permanently, whereas beyond those territories, Jewish residency, either permanent or temporary,[1] was mostly forbidden, although this applied to Jewish residency also in a number of cities located within the Pale. The authorities re-opened it in 1881, but required all teachers to have diplomas from Russian institutions and to teach Russian language and culture. 2008 The Gale Group. [8] At its height, the Pale had a Jewish population of over five million, and represented the largest component (40 percent) of the world Jewish population at that time. Every village/community had to give a specific How many years did these Jewish boys have ti serve in the army? [15][6] The Second Polish Republic was reconstituted from much of the former territory of the Pale in the aftermath of World War I. Almost 5,000,000 lived within it; only about 200,000 lived elsewhere in European Russia. ." Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). In practice, however, the provinces of the Vistula Region were generally included within the Pale of Settlement. Terrible anti-Jewish pogroms occurred from 1881 to 1883 and from 1903 to 1906. Some merchants and artisans, those with higher educations, and those who had completed their military service could settle anywhere but in Finland. The Pale of Settlement (1764-1797) - YouTube 0:00 / 19:47 Poland in Meltdown The Pale of Settlement (1764-1797) Sam Aronow 44K subscribers Subscribe 35K views 1 year ago Jewish History. Label any direct object d.o. The old English term pale is got from the Latin word palus, a stake, and so extended to mean the area enclosed by a fence or boundary.[2]. Pale of Settlement 2) _____ were destructive attacks by Russian authorities on Jews that caused over two million Jews to flee to the United States. The masses of asidim were attached to the "courts" of their spiritual leaders in *Lubavich (Chabad), *Stolin, *Talnoye (Talna), *Gora Kalwaria (Gur), *Aleksandrow, etc. These limitations were consonant with the general conception of freedom of movement of persons which then applied. 2. The Write a sentence that conveys both the topic and the purpose listed below. Teum ha-Moshav. With the third partition of Poland (1795), the law was also applied to the provinces of *Vilna and *Grodno. The peasants were granted the right of demanding the expulsion of the Jews who lived among them. Czar Nicholas i (under whom the term "Pale of Settlement" was coined) removed Courland from the Pale in 1829; however, the rights of the Jews already settled and registered there were maintained. [19] These, along with the repressive May Laws, often devastated whole communities. The pale existed until the entire area was subjugated under Elizabeth I (reigned 15581603). [5], After 1886, the Jewish quota was applied to education, with the percentage of Jewish students limited to no more than 10% within the Pale, 5% outside the Pale and 3% in the capitals of Moscow, St. Petersburg, and Kyiv. The Pale of Settlement was an area of 25 provinces in Czarist Russia. ", This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 14:17. In Germany 750,000 civilians perished from starvation during the war. "Pragmatism and Prejudice: Revisiting the Origin of the Pale of Jewish Settlement and Its Historiography. The effects are similar to those of the Royal Families of Europe, who eventually showed the genetic effects of inbreeding even though the marriages were legal and in other ways quite appropriate. Even this great emigration was, however, insufficient to counterbalance the natural growth of the Jews in the Pale of Settlement. Hessen, in: YE, 7 (c. 1910), 5907; J. Bikerman, Cherta yevreyskoy osedlosti (1911); Dubnow, Hist Russ, 3 (1920), index; J. Lestschinsky, Dos Yidishe Folk in Tsifern (1922), 1384; B. Dinur, in: Zion, 23 (1958), 93101; I. Maor, She'elat ha-Yehudim ba-Tennu'ah ha-Liberalit ve-ha-Mahpekhanit be-Rusyah, 18901914 (1964); S.W. The view of government-sponsored pogroms has not, however, been corroborated by documental evidence. At the time, most Jews (and in fact most Russians) were restricted in their movements. Adjusting to a population often banned from Russia altogether was a problem that Encyclopedia.com. The Jewish community responded by organising a welfare system. Baron, The Russian Jew under Tsars and Soviets (1964), index; Y. Slutsky, in: He-Avar, 13 (1966), 4158; S. Ettinger, Toledot Am Yisrael, 3 (1969), index S.V. In the Jewish Statute promulgated in 1804, the province of Astrakhan and the whole of the northern Caucasus were added to the regions open to Jews. The Pale covered an area of about 386,100 sq. The Crimean War was in: 1854-6. Why do you think Lazar and Tevye feel uncomfortable singing with the Russian? However, some local. At the time, most of the inhabitants of Russia, not only the serfs but also townsmen and merchants, were deprived of freedom of movement and confined to their places of residence. The right of residence throughout Russia was also granted to Cantonists who had remained Jews and to their offspring (the so-called Nicholas soldiers). Up to the outbreak of World War i some 300 settlements were thus opened for Jewish residence. Rural areas for 50 versts (53km) from the western border were closed for new settlement of the Jews. The meeting is about "how they can control the world" The "Kingdom of Poland," incorporated into Russia in 1815, which included ten provinces that later became known as the "Vistula Region," was not officially included within the Pale of Settlement, and until 1868 the transit of Jews through it to the Lithuanian and Ukrainian provinces was prohibited by law. //]]>. the Jews would need to be separated from the Russians. 4. Do you think he does this too quickly? Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Pressed for integration into European society, increasing education in secular studies, Hebrew language, and Jewish history. (ruse). 2010. The Pale covered an area from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea and included much of Ukraine, Bessarabia, Belarus, and Lithuania. The Provisional Government formally abolished it in April 1917. During the years 189192, thousands of Jewish craftsmen and their families were expelled from *Moscow. To sum up, it was the intention of the Russian legislators of the reigns of Catherine II and Alexander I to extend the Pale of Settlement beyond the regions acquired from Poland only to those areas where Jews could serve as a colonizing element. 1894 Alexander III dies; his son, Nicholas II, rules Russia until 1917. How many Jews were wounded in the Pogrom? During the years 189192, thousands of Jewish craftsmen and their families were expelled from Moscow. Up to the outbreak of World War I some 300 settlements were thus opened for Jewish residence. At the time, most of the inhabitants of Russia, not only the serfs but also townsmen and merchants, were deprived of freedom of movement and confined to their places of residence. The laws were anything but temporary, and would be in full effect until at least 1903. In 1794, the earlier decree was ratified and applied to the regions which had been annexed with the second partition of Poland (1793) also the provinces of Minsk, Volhynia, and Podolia as well as to the region to the east of the River Dnieper (the provinces of Chernigov and Poltava ). Beyond these places, Jewish residency, permanent or temporary,[1] was mostly forbidden. Lenin. After the Revolution of February 1917, the provisional government abolished the Pale of Settlement among the rest of the anti-Jewish restrictions. 21) Summarize what Motel says in his song after speaking to Tevye, and why does he say this? In 1843, Nicholas I ordered the expulsion of the Jews from a strip of 50 versts (about 33 mi.) 1897 Census counts 4,899,000 Jews in the Pale of Settlement ninety-four percent of in width extending along the border with Prussia and Austria. Cherta [postoyannoy yevreyskoy ] osedlosti ), territory within the borders of czarist Russia wherein the residence of Jews was legally authorized. At the turn of the twentieth century, over forty percent of the world's Jews lived within the Russian Empire, almost all in the Pale of Settlement. According to historian Martin Gilbert's Atlas of Jewish History, no province in the Pale had less than 14% of Jews on relief; Lithuanian and Ukrainian Jews supported as much as 22% of their poor populations. Occasionally, new places were excluded from the Pale of Settlement, such as *Rostov and *Taganrog (1887) and the spa town of *Yalta (1893). Speicher M.R; Motulsky A.G; Antonarakis S.E; & Bittles A.H. eds. Cherta [postoyannoy yevreyskoy] osedlosti) was a territory within the borders of czarist Russia wherein the residence of Jews was legally authorized. 4) The historical events in the setting _____ actions in the plot, as well as _____ the theme. However, from the reign of Alexander II the restrictive aspects of the Pale of Settlement became accentuated, for while freedom of movement for non-Jews in Russia increased, in particular after the emancipation of the serfs, the restrictions on the movement of Jews beyond the Pale remained in force, and became explicitly underlined within the Pale itself. In 1910, the Jewish members of the Duma, N. Friedman and L. Nisselovich, with the support of the Constitutional-Democratic Party, proposed a bill for the abolition of the Pale of Settlement. They migrated to escape from factory competition and oppression. However, from the reign of Alexander ii the restrictive aspects of the Pale of Settlement became accentuated, for while freedom of movement for non-Jews in Russia increased, in particular after the emancipation of the serfs, the restrictions on the movement of Jews beyond the Pale remained in force, and became explicitly underlined within. Very few had the possibility of engaging in agriculture. from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea. Other examples of pales include the English pales in Ireland and France. [citation needed] The quotas in the capitals, however, were increased slightly in 1908 and 1915. In three decrees, or ukases, issued in 1783, 1791, and 1794, Catherine II the Great restricted the commercial rights of Jews to those areas newly annexed. As a result, the serfs were even worse off, This was the queen of Austria as a result of the Pragmatic Sanction. Omissions? In 1835 the provinces of Astrakhan and the North Caucasus were removed from the Pale. [citation needed] The freedom of movement of non-Jewish Russians was greatly increased, but the freedom of movement of Jews was greatly restricted and officially kept within the boundaries of the pale. The empires May Laws of 1882, enacted after widespread anti-Jewish riots, or pogroms, had broken out in the Russian Pale the previous year, stripped, 1903 and throughout the Jewish Pale of Settlement in 1905. Encyclopaedia Judaica. However, a robust Jewish community welfare system arose; by the end of the 19th century nearly 1 in 3 Jews in the Pale were being supported by Jewish welfare organizations. Encyclopaedia Judaica. 18) (Scene 5) What does the constable say when he addresses Tevye? 12) (Scene 4) In the conversation between Tevye and Lazar, the audience finds out about a relative of Tevye. ", "Beyond the Pale: Life in the Pale of Settlement", The Pale of Settlement (with map and additional documents), The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe, Jewish Communities in the Pale of Settlement, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pale_of_Settlement&oldid=1142275831, 124 years: From the late 18th to early 20th centuries. Updates? The Calais pale in northern France (13471558) had a perimeter extending from Gravelines in the east to Wissant in the west and enclosing a hinterland 69 miles (1014 km) deep. _____ This masterpiece, Middlemarch: A Study of Provincial Life, contains many complex characters. Can you tell me whenthecompactdiscwasinvented\underline{\text{when the compact disc was invented}}whenthecompactdiscwasinvented? Who was Rabbi Chaim ben Isaac of Volozhin's teacher? Other articles where Pale of Settlement is discussed: pale: came to be called the Pale of Settlement (Cherta Osedlosti) came into being as a result of the introduction of large numbers of Jews into the Russian sphere after the three partitions of Poland (1772, 1793, 1795). Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. World War i, the disintegration of the Russian Empire, the Revolution, and the civil war in Russia, destroyed the foundations of this Jewish world, which was finally annihilated in the Holocaust. The Pale of Settlement included the following areas. Explain the importance of each term, person, or place: Jerusalem; Abraham; Moses; monotheistic; covenant; Sabbath; prophet; ethics; diaspora. More modern movements such as Hibbat Zion and Zionism, the Bund and the socialist parties were also active in the towns and townlets of the Pale, either openly or illegally underground. A similar law which had applied to the provinces of Russian Poland (where the border zone closed to Jewish residence was 21 versts in width) was abrogated in 1862. Map showing percentage of Jews in the Pale of Settlement in the Russian Empire, c. 1905.png 608 578; 17 KB. Draw one line under the main clause and two lines under the subordinate clause. Updates? In 1882 it was forbidden for Jews to settle in rural areas. A movement founded in the 1890's to promote the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. English: Map showing the percentage of Jews in the Pale of Settlement and Congress Poland (Original caption without the red line). The Pale formally came to an end soon after the abdication of Nicholas II, and as revolution gripped Russia. This made poverty a serious issue among the Jews. A period of reaction arrived with the ascension of Tsar Alexander III in 1881. They migrated to escape from factory competition and oppression. [citation needed], The tribulations of Jewish life in the Pale of Settlement were immortalized in the writings of Yiddish authors such as humorist Sholem Aleichem, whose novel Tevye der Milkhiger (Yiddish: , Tevye the Milkman, in the form of the narration of Tevye from a fictional shtetl of Anatevka to the author) forms the basis of the theatrical (and subsequent film) production Fiddler on the Roof. These decrees were bound up with intensified administrative pressure, brutality by local authorities, and the systematic acceptance of bribery on the part of the lower administrative ranks. In the "Jewish Statute" promulgated in 1804, the province of Astrakhan and the whole of the northern Caucasus were added to the regions open to Jews. Jewish literature and newspapers in Yiddish, Hebrew, Russian, and Polish circulated in many thousands of copies. aishcom. mi.) https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/pale-settlement, "Pale of Settlement The three Partitions can be opened to show the portion of the Pale that came from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. 8 by Sir Martin Gilbert. [21][6] This Jewish support system included, but was not limited to, providing free medicine to the poor, giving dowries to poor brides, kosher food to Jewish soldiers, and education to orphans. Mai left the amiable waiter a large tip. - Daniel in the lion's den https://www.britannica.com/topic/pale-restricted-area. How many people were killed in the Pogrom? German-born Russian tsarina in the 18th century; ruled after assassination of her husband; gave appearance of enlightened rule; accepted Western cultural influence; maintained nobility as service aristocracy by granting them new power over peasantry. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Religious Jewish school for young children, a traditional orthodox school for the study of the scriptures and Jewish law, A secular Jewish socialist organization of Polish Jews. Prior to the Pale, schools to study the Talmud were a luxury. [citation needed], Most Jews could not engage in agriculture due to the nature of the Pale[vague], and were thus predominantly merchants, artisans, and shopkeepers. [6], The institution of the Pale became more significant following the Second Partition of Poland in 1793, since, until then, Russia's Jewish population had been rather limited. rebellion that promised serfs freedom but Catherine violently suppressed it so that the nobles would support her. Basically to reprimand people Example 1. You could perhaps say it was an unintended consequence of the partitions of Poland. Many difficulties were encountered in the application of this law, and in 1858 it was redrafted to apply only to those Jews who would wish to settle in the border zone after that year. It meant the borders in which permanent residency by Jews was allowed (from 1791 to 1917). The letter just appeared\underline{\text{appeared}}appeared on my desk one morning. They were concentrated in commerce (38.6% of the Jews gainfully occupied) and crafts (35.4%); 72.8% of the total of persons engaged in commerce within the Pale of Settlement were Jews, as well as 31.4% of those engaged in crafts. Baron, The Russian Jew under Tsars and Soviets (1964), index; Y. Slutsky, in: He-Avar, 13 (1966), 4158; S. Ettinger, Toledot Am Yisrael, 3 (1969), index s.v.Teum ha-Moshav. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The Pale of Settlement included all of modern Belarus, Lithuania and Moldova, much of Ukraine and Poland, and small parts of Latvia and the western Russian Federation. Example 1. From the Baltic to the Black Sea, the Jews of the Pale created a distinctive way of life little known beyond its borders. Who was Rabbi Chaim ben Isaac of Volozhin (Lithuania)? These (with the exception of the Germans) were essentially concentrated in their own territorial regions, where they formed the majority of the population. On March 20 (April 2 N.S. km. On the other hand, Jewish merchants were prohibited from trading in the provinces of inner Russia. What were the ideas of the Mussar movement? an organized massacre of a particular ethnic group, in particular that of Jews in Russia or eastern Europe. This led the historian Simon Dubnow to label the territory a Jewish . 2. That year, the new tsar promulgated the Temporary Laws, which, among many regressive measures, prohibited further Jewish settlements outside the pale; and Christians within the pale were allowed to expel Jews from their areas. Faced with a larger and stronger opponent, a smaller force may resort to clever _______ in order to achieve victory. They were military camps for Jewish boys from ages 12-18 and they were forced to go into the Russian army. Fill in each blank with the most appropriate word from Lesson 3. Complete the sentence below sensibly by filling in the blank with one of the following modals: ought, shall, will, should, or would. The Jews hoped that these regulations would prove to be the first steps toward the complete abolition of the Pale of Settlement. What was Czar Nicholas I (1825 -1855) known for? Suppose that you were the editor of a newspaper in Alaska during the time of the Klondike Gold Rush. Rewrote the torah in German transliteration. ." In 1812, upon its annexation, Bessarabia was also included. The largest concentration of Jews Where was the Pale Settlement? For over 2,000 years this inaccessible reg, astrakhan Aberfan, Adrianne, an, Anne, artisan, astrakhan, ban, began, Belmopan, bipartisan, bran, can, Cannes, Czanne, Cheyenne, clan, courtesan,, ODESSA Was Minsk part of the Pale of Settlement? In August 1915, when many thousands of expelled and refugee Jews from the battle zones streamed into the interior of Russia, the government was compelled to permit the residence of these refugees in the towns of inner Russia, with the exception of St. Petersburg and Moscow; thus the existence of the Pale of Settlement in practice was brought to an end. These decrees were intended to serve the national and economic interests of the state by preventing competition of the Jewish with Russian merchants and encouraging settlement in the desolate steppes of southern Russia; after a time these formed the provinces of Kherson, Dnepropetrovsk (Yekaterinoslav), and Taurida (Crimea). Most anti-Semitic document ever written in the early 1900s. Prussian king of the 18th century; attempted to introduce Enlightenment reforms into Germany; built on military and bureaucratic foundations of his predecessors; introduced freedom of religion; increased state control of economy. In 1803, he founded the Volozhin Yeshiva and began to attract large number of students from around the Pale. Nicholas tried to remove all Jews from within 50 miles of the Austrian Empire's border in 1843. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. However, they were disappointed when these alleviations came to a complete halt after 1881, as part of the general reaction in Russia at this period. In settings from Jerusalem to Manhattan, from the archaeological ruins of the Galilee to Kathmandu, The Pale of Settlement gives us characters who struggle to piece together the history and myths of their family's past.This collection of linked short stories takes its title from the name of the western border region of the Russian empire within Were there shtetls in Russia? Jewish literature and newspapers in Yiddish, Hebrew, Russian, and Polish circulated in many thousands of copies. It was established by Empress Catherine II of Russia, also known as Catherine the Great, in 1791. These (with the exception of the Germans) were essentially concentrated in their own territorial regions, where they formed the majority of the population. For other places referred to as "pale", see, For more information about life in the Pale, see, "History Crash Course #56: Pale of Settlement", "Who could live outside the Pale of Settlement? The 10 largest communities were Warsaw (219,149 persons); Odessa (138,915); Lodz (98,677); Vilna (64,000); Kishinev (50,237); Minsk (47,562); Bialystok (41,900); Berdichev (41,617); Yekaterinoslav (Dnepropetrovsk; 40,009); Vitebsk (34,470), and Kiev 31,800. The view of government-sponsored pogroms has not, however, the audience finds out about relative. Bessarabia was also included Austria as a result, the law was also applied the. ] these, along with the general conception of freedom of movement of persons which then applied,,. Permanent or temporary, [ 1 ] was mostly forbidden my desk one.! 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