SCS 200 Week 1 Short Response Guidelines and Rubric Overview: The short response activities in the webtext throughout this course are designed to show your understanding of key concepts as you engage with course content. Guns versus butter is a macroeconomics phrase that illustrates the dilemma that nations face in deciding their spending priorities. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. (2011, July 22). Table 16.2 US Participation in Major Wars. As a result, observes one economics writer, most Europeans have universal health care, deeply subsidized education (including free university tuition in many countries), modern infrastructure, good mass transit, and far less poverty than the United States has. As this overview of the debate over military spending indicates, the military remains a hot topic more than two decades after the Cold War ended following the demise of the Soviet Union. These issues are made complex particularly because of conflicting values concerning drug use within modern societies. Grimmett, R. E. (2011). Second, many societies studied by anthropologists have been very peaceful, suggesting that a tendency to warfare is more cultural than biological. Retrieved from http://www.alternet.org/world/151337/are_we_giant_suckers_while_the_us_blows_money_on_the_military,_europe _spends_dough_on_social_programs. Retrieved from http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/us-veterans-numbers/story?id=14928136#14928131. Week 1 Question 7 Identify two social science issues related toeducation. Victims of military rape deserve justice. Newsweek, 5262. 221232). Quality and affordable writing services. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/military-preparedness-does-not-come-cheap/2012/02/05/gIQA5PLfsQ_story.html. This type of research accelerated, however, after several scandals involving sexual assault and harassment occurred during the 1990s on military bases and at military academies. In terms of the risk of dying in war, then, the Mongolian wars were five times more deadly than World War II. Voice of America News. Bombs containing napalm made by Dow Chemical were routinely used by the US military and its South Vietnamese allies during the Vietnam War to defoliate the countryside and to attack various targets. Around the globe, US military bases generate resentment, not security. Napalm bombs were used in World War II to set fire to cities, military bunkers, and other targets. The US employment effects of military and domestic spending priorities: 2011 update. We need to confront them to ensure equal treatment for everyone. The establishment of foreign bases provided the Commission of Government with an unforeseen amount of wealth, which it used to improve social services. To quote the title of a recent report, military spending is a poor job creator (Hartung, 2012). When napalm ends up on human skin, it causes incredibly severe pain and burns down to the bone, with death often resulting. In another example, the Navy is designing a new series of nuclear submarines, with construction planned to start in 2019. After they did so, US ground troops shot them and left a pile of dead bodies that included twenty-one children. Even if they are less frequent and less deadly than in the past, that is of little comfort to the tens of millions of people around the world during the past century who died or otherwise suffered in war and other armed conflict and who live in fear today of becoming a victim of armed conflict. New York Times, p. A1. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Peace Studies Program. The U.S. military does not need or want all officers to become social scientist researchers, but applied social science can nevertheless help develop strategic thinking because it: (1) focuses on human behavior and influence; (2) develops comfort with competing theories; (3) requires creativity; and (4) uses evidence and iteration to better . New York Times, p. WK3. (2012, January 2). The Vietnam War marked a time when many Americans became concerned about childrens suffering during wartime. War has significant impacts, but perhaps most of all on civilians and veterans. Identify two social science issues related to war. New York, NY: Vintage Books. Tirman, J. Choose one of the five social institutions. Introduction. The social science research informs everything from national security to technology development to healthcare and economic management. (2012). That problem is rape, as at least one-fifth and perhaps as many as 84 percent of all military service are raped or sexually assaulted (including sexual harassment) by other military personnel (Turchik & Wilson, 2010). According to this argument, war is part of our genetic heritage because the humans who survived tens of thousands of years ago were those who were most able, by virtue of their temperament and physicality, to take needed resources from other humans they attacked and to defend themselves from attackers. Social research can help solve them. Most of these victims were civilians, and most of these civilian deaths were the result of actions by the United States and its allies. The Nation. Friends Committee on National Legislation. Nuclear weapons overview. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. When the war began, a sort of truce developed between management and labor, as workers wanted to appear patriotic by supporting the war effort and hoped that they would win important labor rights for doing so. The minimum estimate almost matches the number of American deaths in all the other wars the United States has fought, and the maximum estimate greatly exceeds this number (see Table 16.2 US Participation in Major Wars). Levy, J. S., & Thompson, W. R. (2010). As a result, reported rapes and sexual assaults compose only a very small percentage of all military rapes and sexual assaults. As the Marcums situation indicates, spouses and other family members of veterans also are casualties of war. Many came back addicted to heroin and other drugs, many were unemployed, and many became homeless. New York Times, p. A1. Retrieved from https://www.warresisters.org/sites/default/files/FY2012piechart-color.pdf. They add that the exports often go to nations ruled by dictators, who then use them to threaten their own people (Feinstein, 2011; Shah, 2011). Outline both sides to the debate over the size of the US military budget. The hope arises from historical evidence that the number of international wars, civil wars, and other types of armed conflict has in fact declined over the centuries, with the number in the past half-century much smaller than in centuries past (Pinker, 2012). Regardless of these problems, this growing body of research documents how often rape and sexual assault in the military occur. Because napalm is very sticky, it is almost impossible to wipe off or remove with water once it does end up on skin. List of 40 Social Issues Topics for College Students Religious gatherings and rituals Country-wide strikes and protest LGBTQ+ prides Worldwide flashmobs Social stratification Gender discrimination and anti-harassment movements The issues of orphanage kids Pornography and AI sex dolls Sex work or paid rape? Future research will no doubt build on existing studies to further illuminate this significant problem. Feinstein, A. Retrieved February 16, 2012, from http://www.ucsusa.org/nuclear_weapons_and_global_security/nuclear_weapons/technical_issues/nuclear-weapons-overview.html. As we move further into the twenty-first century, the issue of military spending will present a major challenge for US political and economic institutions to address in a way that meets Americas international and domestic interests. But not all civilians are affected equally. Overview: The short response activities in the webtext throughout this course are designed to show your understanding of key concepts as you engage with course content. Americans are hurt, he warned, when the defense budget squanders money that could be used to repair schools or to guarantee universal health care (Arias, 1999, p. A19). Union of Concerned Scientists. Second, members of Congress fear being labeled weak on defense if they try to reduce the military budget or do not agree to new weapons systems requested by the Pentagon. Worrell, M. P. (2011). Stalsburg, B. L. (2011). Religion is a very important ideology in this regard. War and social change in modern Europe: The great transformation revisited. Retrieved http://www.cnn.com/. But veterans are casualties in other ways, as the news story that began this chapter made clear. It identifies important work by historians that calls into question the assumption that all social science during the Cold War amounts to "Cold War social science." These historians attribute significant agency to social scientists, showing how . Retrieved from http://www.denverpost.com/Stories/0,0,36%257E30137%257E,00.html. At the end of that war, however, the nuclear age began when the United States dropped two atomic weapons on Japan that killed tens of thousands instantly and tens of thousands more from radiation exposure. Those two weapons were tiny in both number and size compared to nuclear weapons today. One of the many sad truisms of war is that its impact on a society is greatest when the war takes place within the societys boundaries. Trade-offs. Retrieved from http://bangordailynews.com/2011/07/22/health/children-of-deployed-troops-struggle-researchers-find. and the Russia-Ukraine War: A Collection Social Science Space is curating resources and publications relating to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the global response to the aggression, the humanitarian crisis unfolding as a result, and what steps toward an end to the violence are available. By far, the most significant issue was poor leadership; 28% of . ABC News. McKeon, H. P. B. Leitenberg, M. (2006). US military spending amounts to more than $1 trillion annually. The Second World War triggered a series of rapid and far-reaching social changes in Newfoundland and Labrador. (2011). Very few studies include men in their surveys, but one study reported a 3 percent rate of sexual assault victimization for men while they were in the military. A.I.D.E. Critics say these exports help fuel the worldwide arms race and international discord. Retrieved from http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/war_stories/2012/02/_2013_pentagon_budget_why_so_much_spending_on_big_war_weapons_.html. Military preparedness does not come cheap. Solomon, N. (2006). In 2010, more than 19,000 US military personnel, most of them women, were raped or sexually assaulted (Stalsburg, 2011). Looking further back in world history, the death rate in prehistoric times from tribal warfare was extremely high. Combining data on both types of exports, the United States sent $12.2 billion in arms deliveries to other nations in 2010. Gerber, S. (2012, February 7). ), The Routledge handbook of security studies (pp. Third, and helping to explain the success of this lobbying, military spending provides jobs and income to the home districts of members of Congress. As discussed earlier, President Eisenhower eloquently warned about the influence of the US military and the size of the military budget. (2011). This book has emphasized that children are often the innocent victims of various social problems from the time they are born, with important consequences for their futures. The sociology of war is a subfield of sociology that focuses on the macro-level patterns of war making, how societies engage in warfare, the meaning that war has in society, and the relationship between state structure and war making. If warfare is not biological in origin, then it is best understood as a social phenomenon, one that has its roots in the decisions of political and military officials. It is a tremendously important branch of research that examines what it means to be a social being, how individuals function together as organized groups and societies, and how they interact with each other on issues of common interest. Amherst, MA: Political Economy Research Institutes. Here are the top 10 popular social issues of 2022. The American Civil War, also called the War Between the States, then tore it apart less than a century later. Compared to Europe, then, the United States has chosen guns over butter, leaving far less money for its social needs. Bumiller, E. (2010, July 25). New York Times, p. A12. A quick calculation shows that about 11 percent of the worlds population died from the Mongolian wars, while 2 percent died from World War II. Retrieved from http://business.time.com/2012/02/07/why-we-should-help-veterans-start-their-own-businesses/. When sexual assaults and sexual harassment are added to the crimes mentioned to respondents, between 22 percent and 84 percent of women report being raped, sexually assaulted, and/or sexually harassed while serving. Children of deployed troops struggle, study finds. This page houses a range of articles that address the intersection of people and change today with issues such as technological advancement, diversity, equity and inclusion, climate change, underrepresentation and research methodology improvements constantly taking shape today. Retrieved from http://www.history.navy.mil/wars/foabroad.htm. Sexual assault in the US military: A review of the literature and recommendations for the future. The issues and problems discussed so far in this chapter concern the nation's elementary and secondary schools in view of their critical importance for tens of millions of children and for the nation's social and economic well-being. Many antiwar protests in the United States focused on the civilian suffering from napalm. Conventional arms transfers to developing nations, 20032010. New York Times, June 23, p. A19. However, other scientists dispute the evolutionary explanation for several reasons (Begley, 2009). Pew Research Center. Many veterans are experiencing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), marked by nightmares, panic attacks, and other symptoms (Dao, 2012). Many veterans of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have also come back home with these problems. Identify two social science issues related to war. Depression, anxiety, and psychosomatic problems such as insomnia are the most common effects. Health care expenses for survivors amount to almost $1 billion annually, and the cost of prosecution amounts to $19 million annually (Stalsburg, 2011). The Validity Crisis: Dysfunctions in Social Psychological Science Go Way Beyond Failed Replications Here is a brief sampling of additional problems that threaten the integrity of social. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction. Americas defense meltdown: Pentagon reform for President Obama and the new Congress Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Pinker, S. (2012). Dont blame the caveman. The study involved child soldiers who participated in Sierra . A key focus of their concern was the use of napalm. Our guests begin by discussing Russian grand strategy and by framing the threat posed by Russia to US national security. This is the longest peace in recorded history by far. Job numbers are up, but veterans are left behind. If we say the history of the United States has been written in war, that is not too much of an exaggeration. To do so, it routinely deployed chemical weapons such as Agent Orange (dioxin, a known carcinogen), napalm, and white phosphorous. There is the natural fear that loved ones will never return from their overseas involvement in armed conflict. April missed the man she used to know: The biggest loss is the loss of the man I married. Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. Resources, the environment, and conflict. Veterans of the Vietnam War came back to a nation that often did not greet them as heroes. 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